How are commingled remains typically resolved statistically?

• A. Use color matching
• B. Rely solely on DNA
• C. Randomly assign bones
• D. By assigning bones to individuals using osteometric, morphological, and statistical criteria to produce MNI estimates

Answer: (D)

When commingled remains must be separated, the best approach is to assign bones to individuals using osteometric measurements, morphological features, and statistical criteria to produce minimum number of individuals (MNI) estimates. This method relies on objective data from the bones—bone sizes, shapes, and forensic markers (osteometric data), as well as observable traits and pathology (morphology)—and uses statistical reasoning to determine which elements fit together for the same person. The goal is to build a defensible reconstruction of how many individuals are represented and which bones belong to whom, rather than guessing or applying a single technique in isolation.

DNA can be a helpful corroborating tool when preservation and resources allow, but it isn’t universally available or definitive on its own, and it may not resolve all assignments without supporting osteological data. Color matching, while sometimes tempting, is not a reliable or valid method for separating individuals. Randomly assigning bones ignores the data and introduces bias or error.